3.1 Normal Type
Total number of pages for the normal type Project Paper is around 60 –
100 pages excluding Preliminary Part (see para. 3.3 for detail) and
Appendices.
3.2 Article Type
The article type Project Paper should be within 20 – 40 pages. The
literature review of article type Project Paper emphasize more on the
essence derived from literature review in the project proposal of the
preceding semester. In other words, its literature review is lesser than that
of Project Proposal. The emphasis of article type Project Paper is on
analysis of result and discussion.
The writing of article type Project Paper also contains chapters within the
normal type Project Paper. However, the chapter contents are merged and
presented as a single chapter.
3.3 Arrangement of Parts/ Chapters
The Project Paper should be in the form of scientific paper. It should
include parts in the following arrangement:
I- Preliminary Part
a. Title Page
b. Abstract (in dual language, namely Bahasa Melayu and
English)
c. Acknowledgement
d. Declaration of Originality of Project
e. Table of Contents
f. List of Tables
g. List of Figures
II. Main Part
a. Introduction
b. Literature review
c. Methodology
d. Result and discussion
e. Conclusion
III. Supplementary Part
a. List of References
b. List of Appendices
3.3.1 PRELIMINARY PART
a. Title Page
Contains the following particulars:
i. Project title
ii. Name of student
iii. Name of programme
iv. Academic session
Example: refer to Appendix 3.
b. Abstract
An abstract is a brief statement on the objectives and contents of project
paper. It must be written according to the project paper structure, with
emphasis given on problem statement, methodology / research method,
result/ research finding and conclusion. An abstract must not exceed 300
words.
c. Acknowledgement
Naming and giving acknowledgement to specific individual(s)/institution(s)
that have provided assistance and support in the research process. The
acknowledgement must be moderate and suitable to acknowledge the kind
of assistance given.
d. Declaration of Originality Of Project
The project paper should be based upon the research conducted by the
student him/herself. All quotations and references should acknowledge the
sources accordingly. Plagiarism is a serious offence and can be penalized
by the university.
Example: refer to Appendix 4.
e. Table of Contents
List the main parts of the project paper, begin with list of particulars within
the preliminary pages of the project paper except the title page and follow
by particulars within the main part of the project paper, then the
supplementary part. Page referencing should be given for each particular.
Example: refer to Appendix 5.
f. List of Tables And Figures
Titles for tables and figures should be written in full as in the project
paper’s text. The reference number for both tables and figures must be
written in Arabic numerals. Page referencing should also be included.
Example: refer to Appendices 6 and 7.
3.3.2 MAIN PART
a. Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter introduces the problems/issues to be researched and
indicates its importance and validity. It sets forth the context, the
hypotheses to be tested, the research questions, the research objectives
and the research significance.
b. Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter contains reviews of literature related to the topic of the
Project Paper. It is meant to act as a base for the rest of the Project Paper.
Literature selected must be up-to-date, analyzed and synthesized logically.
It is not a mere summary of works of different authors. The analysis of
literature usually forms the basis for the development of the framework for
research. A theoretical or conceptual framework should be included.
c. Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter describes the methods and techniques used such as
population and sample, variables and measurement, type and method of
data collection, and techniques of data analysis. It must also contain
justification of methods used.
d: Chapter IV: Result And Discussion
This chapter discusses two things: the analysis results obtained and
interpretation of those results. The analysis results to cover descriptive
analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis describes the
sample characteristics such as age, gender, education and others.
Inferential analysis covers hypothesis testing analysis. Interpretation of
results in text must be presented before showing tables or diagrams.
e. Chapter V: Conclusion
This chapter highlights the findings of the study upon which a conclusion is
drawn in line with the objectives set. It is suitable as well to discuss in this
chapter the alternative methods that could be taken to solve the identified
research problems or research questions.
3.3.3 SUPPLEMENTARY PART
a. List of References
References are a term commonly taken to mean a list of works cited.
Student is responsible for choosing a style of citation that is appropriate to
the field and using that style correctly and consistently. Please consult
your supervisor for guidelines.
All references used within the text should be listed in this part. The
references must be listed in alphabetical order.
Examples of writing the list of references are as follows:
Abdul Rahim Abdul Samad and Mohd Shahwahid Othman. 2009. West
Malaysian Sawntimber Supply Analysis: A Multivariate Cointegration Approach.
Proceedings of the Regional Conference On The Humanities 2009, Universiti
Teknologi Petronas, Perak. pp. 1-11.
Azmawani Abd Rahman, Noor Azman Ali and Han Chun Kwong. 2008.
Management Research Issues. UPM, Press.
Bauer, P. 1991, The Development Frontier, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press.
Paxton, Julia and Carlos A. Cuevas, A Worldwide Inventory of Microfinance
Institutions, Report prepared for Sustainable Banking with the Poor Program,
Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997.
_______________, “Introducing Savings in Microcredit Institutions: When and
How”, Focus Note No. 8, The World Bank, July 1997.
Nelson, R. and S.G. Winter. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic
Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
If referencing style follows the American Psychological Association (APA)
format, students may refer to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association, which is often used in the social
sciences and education. This manual is available on the APA website at
http://www.apastyle.org/.
Examples of the APA style are as follows:
References from books:
Shipley, W. C. (1986). Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles, CA:
Western Psychological Services.
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. C., & Evans, J. J. (1996).
The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Flempton,
England: Thames Valley Test Company.
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
References from edited books:
Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance:
Integration of structural and functional findings. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse
(Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1–90). Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum.
References from journals:
Nik Mustapha, R. A. (1993). Valuing outdoor recreational Resources in Tasik
Perdana using dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. The Malaysian
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 10, 39-50.
Pratto, F. & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing
power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 61, 380–391. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380
American Educational Research Association. (2006). Standards for reporting on
empirical social science research in AERA publications.Educational Researcher,
35(6), 33–40.
References from conference proceeding:
Schnase, J. L. & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL ’95: The
First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning.
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
References from government document:
Ministry of Human Resources. (2008). Labour and human resources statistics.
Putrajaya, WP: Malaysia.
References from manuscript:
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. & the PRISMA Group. (2008).
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis: The PRISMA
statement. Manuscript submitted for publication.
References from doctoral dissertation (published & unpublished):
Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794).
Zahira, M.I. (2008), Unconscionability in the law and practice of franchising.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.
References from seminar papers:
Leclerc, C. M. & Hess, T. M. (2005, August). Age differences in processing of
affectively primed information. Poster session presented at the 113th Annual
Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
References from Internet:
Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2007, from
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/
The writings referred to within the text must state the name of the authors
(excluding the initials) and the year of publication. If there are more than
two authors to a particular work, use et. al. as an option after the first
name, e.g. (Abdullah et. al.,2009). However, the name of all authors must
be stated in the List of References.
When there are more than one reference to a particular matter, the
arrangement of the authors must follows alphabetically, e.g. (Abdullah et.
al, 2009; Barton, 2005; and Cheng, 2006). When there are more than one
reference from the same author and the same year of publication, the
alphabet a,b and subsequently must be added at the end of the reference,
with the earlier works in front, e.g. (Abdullah et. al, 2009a); (Abdullah et. al,
2009b); atau (Abdullah et. al, 2009a,b).
b. List of Appendices
This part contains data, additional calculation, analysis output and
questionnaire form (if any) as additional information or reference to the
text.
